GIS Tools for the Optimization of Solid Waste Transport

Paper review

Objective
The objective of this study is to suggest the most effective routes for collection and transportation of solid wastes of district Cite El Habib.

Background
This case study was carried out in district Cite EL Habib in the city Sfax. This city is the second largest city of Tunisia. People in this city through their wastes in plastic bags in near containers and then it is collected by municipality. This study is carried out to perform a route optimization for the collection and transportation of solid wastes collected from different collection points. In this city the collection and transportation expenses account up to 75% of the total budget of solid waste management. Waste collection is carried out manually and mechanically.

Methodology
Arc GIS network analyst tool was used in the study. Global positioning systems (GPS) was used for tracking the routes of collection. Details of road maps, population density, municipality land use were obtained from google earth. Once all this data was obtained it was processed in to layers such as vector and rasters after that route optimization model was performed in Arc GIS network analysis.

Results
They suggested three scenarios S1, S2,S3 and compared them with existing scenario S0 they perceived that all the suggested routes are more effective than the existing one with respect to fuel consumption, time, work hour, and manpower.

Reference

Using GIS-Based Tools for the Optimization of Solid Waste Collection and Transport: Case Study of Sfax City, Tunisia. Amjad Kallel,1,2 Mohamed Moncef Serbaji,1 and Moncef Zairi1,2. Journal of Engineering Volume 2016, Article ID 4596849, 7 pages.

Review by,
Ehsan Nazeer

RS and GIS-based Wetland Analysis

Paper Review Report

Background and Goal of paper

Wetlands are areas of land where water covers the soil – all year or just at certain times of the year. Wetlands provide an important range of environmental, social and economic services. Many wetlands are areas of great natural beauty and many are important to Aboriginal people.

The objective of this study is to detect the total wetland changes from 1993 to 2002 in the Canaan Valley area by using Supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification and Post classification change detection methods. Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing technologies are used to process the data

Methodology

Study area

The study area, Canaan Valley wetland area of Tucker County (West Virginia), It is ranked the largest wetland area in West Virginia, representing about 9% of State’s wetlands.

Data Collection

In order to compare the wetland area differences, the Landsat 5 TM images in 1992, 1993, 1999, 2002 and 2005 with 30 meters’ resolution (Table 3.1) were downloaded from the Earth Science Data Interface (ESDI) website produced by Global Land Cover Facility (GLFC) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).

The scene with Worldwide Reference System 2, Path-17/Row-33 was used to acquire the Landsat images which fully cover the Canaan Valley area. In addition to these data sets, rainfall data was collected to assist in selection of the images.

The image processing task was carried out using Earth Resource Data Analysis System (ERDAS) 2010. Then ArcGIS

Results

Significant change has been detected in the Canaan Valley area with high accuracies. There was a serious wetland loss from 56.17% in 1993 to 28.57% in 2002 in Canaan Valley area due to the dramatically decrease in forested/ shrub wetland. The remaining total wetland area was estimated only 8814.606 acres by 2002, which was about half of wetland in 1993.

Reference
A Remote Sensing and GIS-based Wetland Analysis In Canaan Valley, West Virginia. Yisha Shi. Thesis.

Review by,

Kamran ullah Khan 

GIS Based Analysis of MSW Collection System

Research paper review

Background and Goal of Study

The municipal Solid waste management is necessary for developing country and it required research study to do Decision making in managing the Waste of City and Make Collection points away from the Water source. The wastes produce in the Wa,Ghana are

Wa produces approximately 20,000 tons of MSW annually, based on 0.45 kg/capita generation rate.

• This amount of MSW is composed of metals, paper and cardboard, organics (including food and wood wastes), plastics, textiles, inert substances (sand and ashes), and waste electric and electronic equipment.

• About 13,400 tons (68%) of MSW is collected annually in the town and over 80% of that collected using the communal container collection system (see Figure 2) while the remaining is collected through house-to house system.

This research has been done to make a Data base map of the WA, Ghana to indicate the pollution Risk point on the Wa,Ghana map from which following data will be extracted

1.      The Water borehole Distance from the Municipal waste collection site ( MWSC)

2.      Municipal Solid Waste Collection Efficiency and Ground Dumping.

Methodology

Data Collection

The data collection for this study was carried out in Wa from June to August 2013 for both MSWCS and drinking water collection sources (i.e. boreholes and hand-dug wells) using a GPS receiver, GPSMAP 62sc, a product of Garmin. The data were then transferred to ArcMap 10.1 (ArcGIS 10.1) software with the aid of DNRGPS software.

Relevant attributes were recorded for the MSWCS and drinking water collection sources using data collection sheets. Areas with open, indiscriminate dumps were noted during field visits.

The water source critical distance from the MSMCS site was set for classifying the Risk of Pollution then the Map is generated in the Arc GIS.

Results and Discussions

1.      Municipal Solid Waste Collection Efficiency and Ground Dumping

The results of this analysis are shown in Figure 5. Out of the 51 MSWCS mapped, 17 (about 34%) had containers and no ground dumping of waste, 20 (39% approximately) had containers with ground dumping of waste, and 14 (nearly 27%) are without containers with ground dumping. Overall, about 67% of MSWCS are experiencing ground dumping, which suggests poor MSWM.

2.      Boreholes Potentially Violating the Groundwater Protection Requirements of Government Law ( Borehole safe distance from MSWCS i.e 30m)

This finding suggests that all the hand pump boreholes mapped in this study met the minimum 30 meter requirement for siting boreholes with respect to the MSWCS while for mechanized boreholes with minimum distance of 100 meters, 15 outputs (24% of mechanized or 15% of total boreholes) were generated which is located with 100 meters.

Reference
Abdulai, H., Hussein, R., Bevilacqua, E. and Storrings, M. (2015) GIS Based Mapping and Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Collection System in Wa, Ghana. Journal of Geographic Information System, 7, 85-94.

Review by,

Kamran ullah Khan 

Mapping of plumes at MSW disposal sites

Research paper review

Background and Goal of Study

Municipal solid waste disposal sites can be sources of groundwater contamination and the contamination problems are more likely to occur in humid areas, where the moisture available exceeds the ability of the waste pile absorb water.

This paper covers the Geo-electrical imaging of Subsurface to get know about the subsurface pollution quantitively and This paper discusses the results of the 2-D resistivity imaging which were conducted to identify and outline the extent of contaminated soil and leachate plumes, as well as to assess the capability of the 2-D resistivity imaging as a pre-characterization tool for tracing the properties of disposed waste and its severity underneath a capped landfill sites.

The surveys were conducted using ABEM SAS1000 resistivity meter and LUND Automatic imaging system and the measured resistivity profiles were interpreted using 2-D resistivity inversion program (RES2DINV)

Leachate Definition: liquid that is generated from water percolating through a solid waste disposal site, accumulating contaminants, and moving into subsurface areas. A second source of leachate arises from the high moisture content of certain disposed wastes. As these wastes are compacted or chemically react, bound water is released as “leachate.”

Methodology

The resistivity data acquisition used a two-dimensional resistivity imaging technique. Both the SAS1000 resistivity meter and ABEM LUND automatic electrode selector system was used in these studies. The meters were connected to a total of 61 steel electrodes, which were laid out on a straight line with a constant spacing via a multicore cable. The Wenner equal spacing electrode array was used for this survey. The Lund system automatically selects the four active electrodes used for each measurement.

Resulting 2D Geo-Electrical Image interpretation

Underground soil or water that has been contaminated by leachate usually has a significantly lower resistivity value, which is indicated by the colours in the above Fig.

The higher resistivity Value indicate that the soil is pure or Have Non degradable waste

 Resistivity of some common rocks and soil materials (Material Resistivity (ohm-m))

 Alluvium 10 – 100 (ohm-m), Sand 60 – 1000 (ohm-m), Clay 1 – 100 (ohm-m), Groundwater (fresh) 10 – 1000 (ohm-m), Granite 5000 – 1,000,000 (ohm-m).

Results Discussion of three sites which 2 D image has been generated

The Geo-electrical imaging method was used to map the contaminated subsurface soil and ground water at three selected municipal solid waste disposal sites in Malaysia. The sites include Ampar Tenang open-tipping site, Bukit Kemuning (BK) capped landfill, and Taiping landfill (TL), all located in Malaysia where a total of twenty-two 2-D resistivity lines were surveyed. The migration of leachate plume at Ampar Tenang site was traced in form of low resistivity zones (with resistivity less than 2.0 ohm-m) of decomposing waste bodies saturated with highly conductive leachate. At the Bukit Kemuning landfill site, two plumes of a reasonably high conductive leachate have been traced. The resistivity images indicate that the subsurface soil and groundwater within Taiping Landfill area has been contaminated by leachate, which appears to have migrated outside the landfill site.

Conclusion

The 2-D direct current resistivity imaging technique has been successfully used in this study to map the contamination plume and to characterize the landfill sites in terms of subsurface resistivity distribution of the waste material and soil underneath the vicinity of each landfill site. The interpreted resistivity section which correlates well with the actual profile of the excavated part of the site (Bukit Kemuning), suggests the potentiality of 2D resistivity imaging technique as pre-characterization tool for mapping subsurface contamination in the vicinity of waste disposal sites.

Recommendation

However, the complexity of subsurface conditions beneath contaminated lands requires a multidisciplinary approach combining the systematic and careful application of hydrogeological, chemical and environmental geophysical techniques.

Reference:

Mapping of contamination plumes at municipal solid waste disposal sites using geoelectric imaging technique: Case studies in Malaysia. Samsudin et al. / JOSH (2006) 13-22.

Review by,

Kamran ullah Khan 

GIS for MSW siting

Research paper review

Background and Goal of paper

Increased Urbanization rate is the major problem of the cities which cause major problems in the city like unforeseen traffic rush, water demand and municipal waste management problem.

In this paper the municipal solid waste land fill site locations are determined, which are the most optimum one i.e. Most favorable site for Municipal solid landfill. As large land is easily available for land fill but it will be not be optimum ,So the research of author is all about locating the optimum site using the Geographic Information system.

Methodology

1.      Acquiring of base map for study and using it for making thematic maps through Arch GIS software

Base maps (primary data source)

The primary data sources for the study included the topo sheets of Pondicherry which were used to prepare the base map for the study. Water bodies, road network and elevation maps were prepared based on the Survey of India map by digitization.

 Geology, soil, fault line, water supply sources, and groundwater maps were collected from departments and subsequently digitized.

The land use map was generated through the image interpretation and classification of the Indian Remote Sensing satellite IRS1D imagery of Pondicherry of 22.8 m resolution.

 Thematic Maps

Digital thematic maps were generated by employing the following procedures:

·         Scanning of the available primary paper maps.

·         Geo referencing the scanned maps to earth coordinates.

·         On screen digitizing of the primary maps, thereby generating the digital thematic maps, each characterizing the influencing factor for landfill site selection.

·         Locating the GPS coordinates and entering in the database as latitude and longitude.

·         Conversion of the latitude and longitude data into the point data using the software.

·         Addition of the attribute data to the locations.

The various Thematic maps made are

Table 1

1.Water bodies map	2.Road network map	3.Land use map	4.Sensitive sites map
5.Groundwater quality map	6.Geology map	7.Groundwater table map	8.Air quality index map
9.Waste land map	10.Infiltration map	11.Elevation map	12.Buffer maps

2.      The Analytical tools use for analyzing of thematic Maps

 The list of factors considered for selecting the disposal sites are as indicated and then to each factors  Rating and weightage is assigned through .

1.Lake and ponds	2.Air quality index	3.Water supply sources	3.Groundwater table	4.Groundwater quality
5.Infiltration	6.Rivers	7.Geology	8.Fault Line	9.Elevation
10.Land use	11.Habitation	12.Highways	13.Sensitive sites

Then Composite Suitability Index CSU = ∑ ((Wc. Rc) _TM is used for analyzing the thematic bas Map ,listed in Table 1 , on the rating and weightage assigned to each of the criteria ( mentioned in above table)

Results and conclusion

The thematic maps were generated, overlaid upon one another and the above proposed algorithm was run on them and GIS based analysis performed. The GIS-based constraint mapping technique was employed for the entire study area and subsequently 17 potential sites were identified for landfill development on the basis of the selected criteria.

Thereafter, the immediate local conditions prevailing at the present moment were assessed and the 17 potential sites were further screened to 3 sites that were the most optimum ones.

The sites were ranked on the basis of area availability

Reference

GIS-based approach for optimized siting of municipal solid waste landfill. V.R. Sumathi et al. / Waste Management 28 (2008) 2146–2160.

Review by,

Kamran ullah Khan 

Mapping of waste

Review Report of the paper

Background

This research paper is about quantifying the agriculture plastics wastes (APW) produced due to the agriculture using the Mapping process, as plastic is used for increasing the productivity of agriculture products and speed up the agriculture process. Pollution generated due to manufacture of plastic in industry and when dispose after used in agriculture process. The intensity of plastic usage depends on the type of agriculture crops.  So intend research is need to manage the APW and used it as a secondary raw material instead of disposing.

                                    The Mapping of terrain is required to visualize the Plastic usage in agriculture field. The mapping process has been used to design the Geo-reference database. A dedicated geo-referenced database was designed using land use maps in a GIS environment and applying a methodology that can be functional for any kind of agricultural plastic waste.

Mapping process/methodology

The applied methodology is summarized in the following steps:

·         Preparation of the base map suitable to be managed in ArcMap according to the specific research purpose;

·         Selection and highlighting on the land use map of the crops generating plastic wastes;

·         Detection of the land use with respect to the different typologies of plastics used in the area;

·         Creation of a geo-database summarizing the complete information on the agricultural plastic waste;

·         Database validation;

·         Attribution of indicators of plastic production for each crop in the land;

·         Quantitative evaluation of agricultural plastic waste;

·         Realization of the APW maps.

The base map of Apulia was geo processed the territorial analysis was done which cover the usage of plastic, type of plastic and the various agriculture product using plastic. Map was updated with given information to be processed by GIS and then this GIS map was used to generate the results. The results were cross check though field inspection.

Results and Discussion

A dedicated geo-referenced database was created by using the base map material in a GIS. The area of study incorporates the land of Trani for an area of 987 ha, the land of Barletta for an area of 503 ha and the land of Andria for an area of 10 ha

Crop Distribution In The Study Area
Vineyards	Olive trees	Arable land (cereals and vegetables).
47%	30%	11%

APW per cultivated area and per year is about 250 tonnes, of which the largest contribution, accounting for 63%, is obtained from the plastic covers of the vineyards and 35% is due to irrigation pipes of all the irrigated crops (vineyards, olive trees, vegetables, orchards).

Three Maps created for the Agriculture field

1.      The Land Use map for agriculture

2.      The distribution of the amount of plastic waste deriving from irrigation pipes

3.      The distribution of the amount of plastic waste deriving from covering films and nets

Reference:

Mapping of agriculture plastic waste. Giuliano Vox et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 8 ( 2016 ) 583 – 591.

Review by,

Kamran ullah Khan 

Whats your BMI

BMI - Body Mass Index was studied for science exhibit.
BMI of exhibit's participants & audience was calculated manually.
BMI wheel was made for exhibit.

BMI explored and calculated by,
Asma Khurram