Sunday, 25 August 2019
Sunday, 18 August 2019
RS and GIS for mapping of coastal landforms
Paper Review Report
Background
and Goal of Study
The Coast landform are undergoing various changes due to
various factors like environmental change i.e. Global warning and Construction
on the Coastal water. These changes need to quantified, what may be the reason,
which will be helpful for the Coastal water & land Management Departments
for predicting the various changes in the geography. These can only be
Quantified (database creation) if some technique and software is use.
The primary aim of the present study is to map coastal
landforms and assess the volumetric change of sediment load over a decade along
the south-west coast of Kanyakumari using integrated remote sensing and GIS
techniques. The present study therefore used different change detection
techniques such as (i) topographical change analysis, (ii) cross-shore profile
change analysis, (iii) DEM of Difference (DoD) algorithm based Geomorphic
Change Detection (GCD) analysis for estimating the volumetric changes (land
loss or land gain) along the coastal stretch using the ArcGIS platform.
Methodology
Mapping of coastal landforms:
The GIS and integrated Remote Sensing has been used for
creating the coastal geomorphological landforms at high resolution. The various spatial source used as input i.e.
topographical map (scale 1:25,000), Landsat ETM+ image & IKONOS
multi-spectral images. Then ASTER and SRTM DEM datasets are used in Arc GIS to
make Map. The Garmin ETREX 30 GPS are use for ground truth verification, pre
and post field verification.
DEM of Differencing of volumetric change
analysis:
The GIS-based Geomorphic Change Detection (GCD) analysis
provides volumetric change of sediment load in the landforms using DEM datasets
acquired over periods of interval. The GCD method use the Difference of Digital
Evaluation Model (DEM) of two different time using algorithm to estimate the
quantitative changes of landforms of the earth surface, in a diverse set of
environments, and at a range of spatial scales and temporal frequencies. In
this research Geomorphic Change Detection of coastal landforms is estimated
from SRTM and ASTER DEM datasets acquired for the years 2000 and 2011
respectively using DEM of Difference (DoD) method. The DoD is a mathematical
algorithm for quantifying the volumetric change of the landforms using DEM
datasets acquired on two different periods.
The DoD algorithm computes the differences by subtracting
pixel values of two DEMs using the equation δE = Z2 -Z1,
where δE is a output DEM showing changes in volumetric scale (m3 ); Z1
is a DEM of earlier period (i.e. SRTM DEM acquired on February 2000, and Z2
is a DEM of later period (i.e. ASTER DEM acquired on October 2011). Thus, the
output DEM provides volumetric change of sediment load (δE) on various
landforms due to erosion and deposition with time. In which, the negative and
positive values represent the land lost (erosion) and land gain (deposition)
Finally, the output map is converted into vector layer for
preparation of geo-database of landform features with attributes including
name, areal extent, and volumetric change rate using ESRI-ArcGIS 10.2 software.
Conclusions
This research paper Demonstrated the use of GIS and
integrated remote Sensing for Mapping of coastal landforms and Volumetric
change analysis.
The DoD analysis of geomorphic change assessment reveals
changes in morphologies due to erosion or deposition processes. The spatial
variation of sediment load suggests morphologies of the landforms are closely
related to the marine and terrestrial processes.
Reference
Mapping of coastal landforms and volumetric change analysis in the south west coast of Kanyakumari, South India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. S. Kaliraj et al. / The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences 20 (2017) 265–282.
Review by,
Kamran ullah Khan
GIS and RS for soil loss estimation using
Research paper review
Background
and Goal of paper
Thus, an attempt was made to estimate and map the spatial
pattern of annual soil loss rate by water using Revised Universal Soil Loss
Equation (RUSLE) simulated by GIS and Remote sensing techniques. Therefore,
this research has given answers to four core research questions; how much of
soil is lost per unit area of land annually in Koga watershed? How is the
spatial distribution of soil loss rate in Koga watershed? Does the estimated
soil loss rate exceed the tolerable limit of soil erosion set by FAO? And where
are erosion hotspot areas located for conservation prioritization?
Methodology and Results
To calculate the Soil loss in this koga watershed (KW) a Revised
Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is used , empirically expressed as
A (metric tons
ha-1 year-1) = L*S*R*K*C*P
where A is the mean annual soil loss (metric tons ha1 year1
); R is the rain fall erosivity factor [MJ mm h-1 ha-1
year-1]; K is the soil erodibility factor [metric tons ha-1
MJ-1mm-1]; LS is the slope length–steepness factor
(dimensionless); C is the cover and management factor (dimensionless, ranges
from zero to one); and P is the erosion support practice or land management
factor (dimensionless, and ranges from zero to one).
Raster
map of each RUSLE parameters derived from different data source were produced
and finally the Soil Loss Map was generated
Reference
Soil loss estimation using GIS and Remote sensing techniques: A case of Koga watershed, Northwestern Ethiopia. H.S. Gelagay, A.S. Minale / International Soil and Water Conservation Research 4 (2016) 126–136.
Review by,
Kamran ullah Khan
Friday, 16 August 2019
Geometrical Characterization of Landfill Site
Paper reviewk
Summary
disposal of municipal waste is always of great concern due to
its environmental impacts and heath threatening effects. Due to rapid
urbanization it is now a common practice that people are dumping municipal waste into quarries or oceans with
out any proper treatment . Using an old quarries into a well designed landfill
is considered a good management of a solid waste. Land fill siting is major
task for the planners because factor like geology , topography ,subsurface groundwater and surface water are associated
with it. There still exist a places which were used for dumping of waste In
past but due to rapid urbanization and passage of time they are now brought in to use for different purposes.
Detection and characterization of buried land fill Via different approaches is the aim of this paper.
The research paper is focusing on the detection and geometrical
characterization of a hidden landfill site located along the coastline of the
Campi Flegrei, near Naples, Italy.
In order to examine
different Topographic changes topographic historical maps at different scales
from 1887 to 2004 and white aerial photographs from 1843 to 1998 are acquired
from the Italian military geographic institute (IGM).
two couples of historical aerial stereo pairs acquired by the
IGM, dated 1956 and 1974, along with topographic data derived from an airborne lidar survey (ALS)
These data set was used to produce multi-temporal digital
elevation models (DEMs) of the study area, with the aim of comparing the
obtained DEMs by a GIS-based change detection analysis.
Comparative analyses of the topographic maps clearly showed that in 1943 There is little
dumping in the quarry it increases in 1956 and 1974 and in 1998 it is
completely filled with waste and reclaimed for construction as shown in fig
below, this shows the variation of urban development and anthropic activity
with respect to time.
Detection and Geometrical Characterization of a Buried Landfill Site by Integrating Land Use
Historical Analysis, Digital Photogrammetry and Airborne Lidar Data. Giuseppe Esposito , Fabio Matano * and Marco Sacchi. Geosciences 2018, 8, 348.
Paper review by,
Abdullah Kakar
GIS Modeling for Groundwater Vulnerability
Paper review
As the world is developing day by day, along with it, it also
gives birth to many of the environmental problems like contamination of the
groundwater which is mostly because of increase in industrialization,
urbanization, and the leachate from the waste. The research was undertaken to
know the possibility of groundwater being contaminated in the areas of the solid
waste disposal site, Njelianparamba, a
municipal dumping site in Kozhikode, Kerala, India. Using ESRI GIS Software the
map of the area was created showing the possibilities of the contamination. The
area was divided into three classes moderate vulnerable, high vulnerable, and
very high vulnerable. It was concluded that eastern and south-eastern areas to
be affected more.
Njelianparamba the dumping site is
located in the area of Cheruvannur Nallalam of the district Kozhikode, Kerala,
India. Daily 200 tons of the waste is dumped on the site. Monsoons are
responsible for 82.77% of the total rainfall in the area. Groundwater level
before monsoons rains are observed 2-16 meters and after rainfall is 0.38-9
meters because of such low level of the water table the leachate gets mixed
with the groundwater.
DRASTIC Model was developed considering the seven
factors Depth of the water, net Recharge, Aquifer media, Soil
media, Topography, Impact of vadose zone media, and hydraulic Conductivity
of the aquifer. For the calculation of the DRASTIC Index (DI), each factor is
assigned ratings and weights, rates and weights of the same factor are
multiplied and then linear addition is performed. The data obtained using
DRASTIC Model is combined in GIS to develop the map of the area showing
possibilities to contamination of each region.
For sampling and analysis of groundwater
29 sampling sites were chosen randomly. 20 groundwater samples were taken within
a buffer zone of 1 km around the dumping site, and 9 samples were taken outside
the zone to check the accuracy of the map. Samples were analyzed for total
dissolved solid and E-coli. For sampling and analysis of the soil 57 soil
samples were taken. 49 from the buffer zone, and 8 outside the zone. Soil
samples were analyzed to check soil media map.
After we had both the studies
Vulnerability Map, and Sampling and Analysis reports. The both are then
compared and the outcomes are: the leachate percolation is maximum at 1 km
distance from the dumping site. High total dissolved solids concentrations were
seen in the buffer zone, and outside of it, there were low except eastern and
south-eastern sides which also are very high vulnerable in the map. The E-Coli bacteria were found to
be present in most of the samples in the vicinity to the dumping site
particularly within the buffer zone of 1 km. Samples outside the zone were seen
to have no E-Coli except eastern and south-eastern side samples which also are
very high vulnerable according to the map.
It can be concluded that the eastern and south-eastern sides
of the Njelianparamba are most vulnerable to the contamination from the results
of both Vulnerability map and Reports obtained from Sampling and analysis.
Reference
Application of GIS and DRASTIC Modeling for Evaluation of Groundwater Vulnerability near a Solid Waste Disposal Site. Chonattu Jaseela, Kavya Prabhakar, Puthenveedu Sadasivan Pillai Harikumar. International Journal of Geosciences, 2016, 7, 558-571
Paper review by,
Sohail Ahmed
GIS and RS for wetland mapping
Paper review
Objective
The aim of this paper is to map vernal pools in the Northeastern United
States using high-resolution LiDAR data and aerial imagery.
Background of the
study
In this study the importance of wetlands has been emphasized.
Wetland are the natural water resources inundated or perennial. Although a
distinct definition of wetland is not available but defined by various authors
have some common features such as aquatic habitats, including marshes, swamps,
bogs, fens, peatlands, prairie potholes, vernal pools, and aquatic beds, among
others. In general, wetlands are transitional habitats situated between wet
(e.g., lakes, rivers, streams, estuaries) and dry environments. Thus, the
demarcation of a wetland lies along a continuum of water gradient and is
somewhat arbitrary. Some wetland definitions include open-water habitats (e.g.,
lakes, rivers, streams) as wetlands, while others exclude permanent deep water
and focus more on shallow water habitats.
Wetlands
exist in numerous sorts of atmospheres, on each landmass except Antarctica.
They vary in size from disconnected prairie potholes to immense salt bogs. They
are found along coasts and inland. A few wetlands are forests. Others are like
watery fields.
Benefits of wetlands
Wetlands provide abundant ecological and
socioeconomic benefits, such as providing habitats for fish, wildlife, and plant,
storing floodwater and reducing peak runoff, recharging groundwater, filtering
impurities in water, acting as nutrient and sediment sinks, protecting
shorelines from erosion, and providing a range of recreational opportunities
(e.g., boating, fishing, hunting).
Methodology
In this case study, 1-m
resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR)derived digital elevation
modelling (DEM) in conjunction with LiDAR intensity imagery was used to map
prairie wetlands and surface hydrologic flow pathways. The LiDAR intensity
imagery was used to delineate wetland inundation areas, where as the LiDAR DEM
was used to delineate wetland depressions, catchments, and surface hydrologic
flow pathways.
Arc GIS is used to
streamline the procedures for automated delineation of wetland catchments and
flow paths, the proposed framework the toolbox consists of three tools: Wetland
Depression Tool, Wetland Catchment Tool, and Flow Path Tool.
The Wetland Catchment
Tool uses the digital elevation modelling (DEM) grid and the wetland polygon
layers resulted from the Wetland Depression Tool as input, and exports wetland catchment
layers in both vector and raster format. Various morphometric properties (e.g.,
width, length,
area, perimeter, maximum depth, mean depth, volume, elongations, and
compactness) are computed and included in the attribute table of the wetland
vector layers.
The wetlands were identified for prairie pothole region
(PPR) in north America
The chart given below is proposed framework for
outlining wetland catchments and flow paths.
Results
The results obtained by
comparing a small portion of the prairie pothole region of Dakota to the
inundation polygons derived from the 2011 LiDAR intensity data and the NWI
polygons created in the early 1980s by the U.S. It was observed that the
national wetlands inventory (NWI) in this region is significantly out of date.
The acquired light detecting and ranging data in October 2011 relatively shows
large disjointed NWI wetlands coalesced and formed even larger wetland
complexes during the extremely wet period.
Conclusion
According to the author
except north America and parts of Europe, comprehensive national-scale wetland
inventories are not available foremost countries. The author argues that
technologies like GIS and remote sensing has greatly improved the geo-mapping
of wetlands.
Reference
GIS and remote sensing applications in Wetland mapping and monitoring. Qiusheng Wu.
Review by,
Ehsan Nazeer
Review by,
Ehsan Nazeer
GIS technique for delineation of groundwater potential zones
Paper review
Objective
The objective of this
study is to figure out the groundwater potential zones and develop a
prospective guide map for groundwater exploration/ exploitation to ensure
optimum and sustainable development and management of this vital resource.
Background
Dili city is the
capital of Timor Leste. The water necessities of the city are mainly dependent
upon underground water resources. Groundwater accounts for more than 60 % of
the total annual water supply for agriculture, domestic, and industrial
purposes. The city is urbanizing rapidly so water demand is increasing. To
fulfill the demand of the city it is necessary to explore more reserves and use
them effectively and to the optimal level. Timore Leste as developing country
is seeking various ways to increase the freshwater availability and ensure the
continuous supply of water to the individual and the community.
Study area
This study was conducted in the Comoro watershed,
which consists of the Dili City as the capital of Timor Leste.
Material
The existing hydrogeological and relevant data on
soils, geological/lithological units, structural features, geomorphologic, and
climatic conditions of the study area were collected from relevant department.
The rainfall data was collected from meteorological and agriculture department.
Methodology
ArcGIS 10.1 software
was used to integrate the eight thematic layers of conventional geology, soil,
drainage and lineament maps, rainfall data as well as remotely sensed data of
land use, slope and topography.
Development of thematic layers
using ArcMap 10.1 software the drainage density map,
topography map, and slope map of the study area were generated from ASTER DEM
data.
PCI Geomatica was used to extract the
lineament of the study area (lineaments are structurally controlled linear or
curvilinear features, which are extracted from the satellite imagery by their
relative linear alignments. These articulate the surface topography of the
underlying structural features. Lineaments characterize the fault and fracture
zones—resulting in increased secondary porosity and permeability).
The slope map of the study area was generated
in unit (degree) from ASTER DEM data with cell size of 30 m resolution and
pixel depth of 16 bit using spatial analysis tool in ArcMap 10.1. slope is of
high importance areas with steeper slope were given low importance because they
have high rate of run off, while the areas with low slope and flatter area were
given high importance.
Results
Results showed that the most potential zones lie in northwest
part of Comoro watershed which covers about 5.4 % (13.5 km2) area of the
watershed. It is observed
that high potential zones are in the northwestern part of the Comoro watershed
and the western part of the Dili alluvial plain.
Conclusion
From the study it is concluded that the use of geospatial
technology, remote sensing, and the AHP technique is demonstrated as the best
tools for the identification of groundwater potential zone. The technology will
also help the authorities about the suitable area for prospective exploration
of groundwater wells and protect the area from contamination.
Reference
Delineation of groundwater potential zones in the Comoro watershed, Timore Leste using GIS, remote sensing and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique. Appl Water Sci (2017) 7:503–519.
Review by,
Ehsan Nazeer
GIS Tools for the Optimization of Solid Waste Transport
Paper review
Objective
The objective of this study is to suggest the most effective routes for collection and transportation of solid wastes of district Cite El Habib.
Background
This case study was carried out in district Cite EL Habib in the city Sfax. This city is the second largest city of Tunisia. People in this city through their wastes in plastic bags in near containers and then it is collected by municipality. This study is carried out to perform a route optimization for the collection and transportation of solid wastes collected from different collection points. In this city the collection and transportation expenses account up to 75% of the total budget of solid waste management. Waste collection is carried out manually and mechanically.
Methodology
Arc GIS network analyst tool was used in the study. Global positioning systems (GPS) was used for tracking the routes of collection. Details of road maps, population density, municipality land use were obtained from google earth. Once all this data was obtained it was processed in to layers such as vector and rasters after that route optimization model was performed in Arc GIS network analysis.
Results
They suggested three scenarios S1, S2,S3 and compared them with existing scenario S0 they perceived that all the suggested routes are more effective than the existing one with respect to fuel consumption, time, work hour, and manpower.
Reference
Using GIS-Based Tools for the Optimization of Solid Waste
Collection and Transport: Case Study of Sfax City, Tunisia. Amjad Kallel,1,2 Mohamed Moncef Serbaji,1 and Moncef Zairi1,2. Journal of Engineering Volume 2016, Article ID 4596849, 7 pages.
Review by,
Ehsan Nazeer
RS and GIS-based Wetland Analysis
Paper Review Report
Background
and Goal of paper
Wetlands are areas of land where water covers the soil – all year or
just at certain times of the year. Wetlands provide an important range of
environmental, social and economic services. Many wetlands are areas of great
natural beauty and many are important to Aboriginal people.
The objective of this study is to detect the total wetland changes
from 1993 to 2002 in the Canaan Valley area by using Supervised Maximum
Likelihood Classification and Post classification change detection methods.
Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing technologies are used to
process the data
Methodology
Study area
The study area, Canaan Valley wetland area of Tucker County
(West Virginia), It is ranked the largest wetland area in West Virginia,
representing about 9% of State’s wetlands.
Data Collection
In order to compare the wetland area differences, the
Landsat 5 TM images in 1992, 1993, 1999, 2002 and 2005 with 30 meters’
resolution (Table 3.1) were downloaded from the Earth Science Data Interface
(ESDI) website produced by Global Land Cover Facility (GLFC) and U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS).
The scene with Worldwide Reference System 2, Path-17/Row-33
was used to acquire the Landsat images which fully cover the Canaan Valley
area. In addition to these data sets, rainfall data was collected to assist in
selection of the images.
The image processing task was carried out using Earth Resource
Data Analysis System (ERDAS) 2010. Then ArcGIS
Results
Significant change has been detected in the Canaan Valley
area with high accuracies. There was a serious wetland loss from 56.17% in 1993
to 28.57% in 2002 in Canaan Valley area due to the dramatically decrease in
forested/ shrub wetland. The remaining total wetland area was estimated only
8814.606 acres by 2002, which was about half of wetland in 1993.
Reference
A Remote Sensing and GIS-based Wetland Analysis In Canaan Valley, West Virginia. Yisha Shi. Thesis.
Review by,
Kamran ullah Khan
GIS Based Analysis of MSW Collection System
Research paper review
Background
and Goal of Study
The municipal Solid waste management is necessary for
developing country and it required research study to do Decision making in
managing the Waste of City and Make Collection points away from the Water
source. The wastes produce in the Wa,Ghana are
Wa produces approximately 20,000 tons of MSW annually, based
on 0.45 kg/capita generation rate.
• This amount of MSW is composed of metals, paper and
cardboard, organics (including food and wood wastes), plastics, textiles, inert
substances (sand and ashes), and waste electric and electronic equipment.
• About 13,400 tons (68%) of MSW is collected annually in
the town and over 80% of that collected using the communal container collection
system (see Figure 2) while the remaining is collected through house-to house
system.
This research has been done to make a Data base map of the
WA, Ghana to indicate the pollution Risk point on the Wa,Ghana map from which
following data will be extracted
1.
The Water borehole Distance from the Municipal
waste collection site ( MWSC)
2.
Municipal Solid Waste Collection Efficiency and
Ground Dumping.
Methodology
Data
Collection
The data collection for this study was carried out in Wa from
June to August 2013 for both MSWCS and drinking water collection sources (i.e.
boreholes and hand-dug wells) using a GPS receiver, GPSMAP 62sc, a product of
Garmin. The data were then transferred to ArcMap 10.1 (ArcGIS 10.1) software
with the aid of DNRGPS software.
Relevant attributes were recorded for the MSWCS and drinking
water collection sources using data collection sheets. Areas with open,
indiscriminate dumps were noted during field visits.
The water source critical distance from the MSMCS site was
set for classifying the Risk of Pollution then the Map is generated in the Arc GIS.
Results and
Discussions
1. Municipal Solid Waste Collection Efficiency
and Ground Dumping
The results of this analysis are shown in Figure 5. Out of
the 51 MSWCS mapped, 17 (about 34%) had containers and no ground dumping of
waste, 20 (39% approximately) had containers with ground dumping of waste, and
14 (nearly 27%) are without containers with ground dumping. Overall, about 67%
of MSWCS are experiencing ground dumping, which suggests poor MSWM.
2. Boreholes Potentially Violating the
Groundwater Protection Requirements of Government Law ( Borehole safe distance
from MSWCS i.e 30m)
This finding suggests that all the hand pump boreholes
mapped in this study met the minimum 30 meter requirement for siting boreholes
with respect to the MSWCS while for mechanized boreholes with minimum distance
of 100 meters, 15 outputs (24% of mechanized or 15% of total boreholes) were
generated which is located with 100 meters.
Abdulai, H., Hussein, R., Bevilacqua, E. and Storrings, M. (2015) GIS Based Mapping and Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Collection System in Wa, Ghana. Journal of Geographic Information System, 7, 85-94.
Review by,
Kamran ullah Khan
Mapping of plumes at MSW disposal sites
Research paper review
Background
and Goal of Study
Municipal solid waste disposal sites can be sources of
groundwater contamination and the contamination problems are more likely to
occur in humid areas, where the moisture available exceeds the ability of the
waste pile absorb water.
This paper covers the Geo-electrical imaging of Subsurface to
get know about the subsurface pollution quantitively and This paper discusses
the results of the 2-D resistivity imaging which were conducted to identify and
outline the extent of contaminated soil and leachate plumes, as well as to
assess the capability of the 2-D resistivity imaging as a pre-characterization
tool for tracing the properties of disposed waste and its severity underneath a
capped landfill sites.
The surveys were conducted using ABEM SAS1000 resistivity
meter and LUND Automatic imaging system and the measured resistivity profiles
were interpreted using 2-D resistivity inversion program (RES2DINV)
Leachate Definition:
liquid that is generated from water percolating through a solid waste disposal
site, accumulating contaminants, and moving into subsurface areas. A second
source of leachate arises from the high moisture content of certain disposed
wastes. As these wastes are compacted or chemically react, bound water is released
as “leachate.”
Methodology
The resistivity data acquisition used a two-dimensional
resistivity imaging technique. Both the SAS1000 resistivity meter and ABEM LUND
automatic electrode selector system was used in these studies. The meters were
connected to a total of 61 steel electrodes, which were laid out on a straight
line with a constant spacing via a multicore cable. The Wenner equal spacing electrode
array was used for this survey. The Lund system automatically selects the four
active electrodes used for each measurement.
Resulting 2D Geo-Electrical Image
interpretation

Underground soil or water that has been contaminated by
leachate usually has a significantly lower resistivity value, which is
indicated by the colours in the above Fig.
The higher resistivity Value indicate that the soil is pure
or Have Non degradable waste
Resistivity of some common rocks and soil materials
(Material Resistivity (ohm-m))
Alluvium 10 – 100
(ohm-m), Sand 60 – 1000 (ohm-m), Clay 1 – 100 (ohm-m), Groundwater (fresh) 10 –
1000 (ohm-m), Granite 5000 – 1,000,000 (ohm-m).
Results
Discussion of three sites which 2 D image has been generated
The Geo-electrical imaging method was used to map the
contaminated subsurface soil and ground water at three selected municipal solid
waste disposal sites in Malaysia. The sites include Ampar Tenang open-tipping
site, Bukit Kemuning (BK) capped landfill, and Taiping landfill (TL), all
located in Malaysia where a total of twenty-two 2-D resistivity lines were
surveyed. The migration of leachate plume at Ampar Tenang site was traced in
form of low resistivity zones (with resistivity less than 2.0 ohm-m) of
decomposing waste bodies saturated with highly conductive leachate. At the
Bukit Kemuning landfill site, two plumes of a reasonably high conductive
leachate have been traced. The resistivity images indicate that the subsurface
soil and groundwater within Taiping Landfill area has been contaminated by
leachate, which appears to have migrated outside the landfill site.
Conclusion
The 2-D direct current resistivity imaging technique has
been successfully used in this study to map the contamination plume and to
characterize the landfill sites in terms of subsurface resistivity distribution
of the waste material and soil underneath the vicinity of each landfill site.
The interpreted resistivity section which correlates well with the actual
profile of the excavated part of the site (Bukit Kemuning), suggests the
potentiality of 2D resistivity imaging technique as pre-characterization tool
for mapping subsurface contamination in the vicinity of waste disposal sites.
Recommendation
However, the complexity of subsurface conditions beneath
contaminated lands requires a multidisciplinary approach combining the
systematic and careful application of hydrogeological, chemical and
environmental geophysical techniques.
Reference:
Review by,
Kamran ullah Khan
GIS for MSW siting
Research paper review
Background
and Goal of paper
Increased Urbanization rate is the major problem of the
cities which cause major problems in the city like unforeseen traffic rush,
water demand and municipal waste management problem.
In this paper the municipal solid waste land fill site
locations are determined, which are the most optimum one i.e. Most favorable
site for Municipal solid landfill. As large land is easily available for land
fill but it will be not be optimum ,So the research of author is all about
locating the optimum site using the Geographic Information system.
Methodology
1.
Acquiring of base map for study and using it for
making thematic maps through Arch GIS software
Base maps (primary data source)
The primary data sources for the
study included the topo sheets of Pondicherry which were used to prepare the
base map for the study. Water bodies, road network and elevation maps were
prepared based on the Survey of India map by digitization.
Geology, soil, fault line, water supply
sources, and groundwater maps were collected from departments and subsequently
digitized.
The land use map was generated
through the image interpretation and classification of the Indian Remote
Sensing satellite IRS1D imagery of Pondicherry of 22.8 m resolution.
Thematic Maps
Digital thematic maps were
generated by employing the following procedures:
·
Scanning of the available primary paper maps.
·
Geo referencing the scanned maps to earth
coordinates.
·
On screen digitizing of the primary maps, thereby
generating the digital thematic maps, each characterizing the influencing
factor for landfill site selection.
·
Locating the GPS coordinates and entering in the
database as latitude and longitude.
·
Conversion of the latitude and longitude data
into the point data using the software.
·
Addition of the attribute data to the locations.
The various Thematic maps made are
1.Water
bodies map
|
2.Road
network map
|
3.Land use
map
|
4.Sensitive
sites map
|
5.Groundwater
quality map
|
6.Geology
map
|
7.Groundwater
table map
|
8.Air
quality index map
|
9.Waste
land map
|
10.Infiltration
map
|
11.Elevation
map
|
12.Buffer
maps
|
2.
The Analytical tools use for analyzing of
thematic Maps
The list of factors considered for selecting
the disposal sites are as indicated and then to each factors Rating and weightage is assigned through .
1.Lake and
ponds
|
2.Air
quality index
|
3.Water
supply sources
|
3.Groundwater
table
|
4.Groundwater
quality
|
5.Infiltration
|
6.Rivers
|
7.Geology
|
8.Fault
Line
|
9.Elevation
|
10.Land
use
|
11.Habitation
|
12.Highways
|
13.Sensitive
sites
|
Then Composite Suitability Index CSU = ∑
((Wc. Rc) TM is used for analyzing the thematic bas Map ,listed in Table 1
, on the rating and weightage assigned to each of the criteria ( mentioned in
above table)
Results
and conclusion
The thematic maps were generated, overlaid upon one another
and the above proposed algorithm was run on them and GIS based analysis
performed. The GIS-based constraint mapping technique was employed for the
entire study area and subsequently 17 potential sites were identified for
landfill development on the basis of the selected criteria.
Thereafter, the immediate local conditions prevailing at the
present moment were assessed and the 17 potential sites were further screened
to 3 sites that were the most optimum ones.
The sites were ranked on the basis of area availability
Reference
Review by,
Kamran ullah Khan
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