How to Cash your Leisure Time?

image

Moving in 21st century demand us for awareness to rapidly growing technology. All of us are very much updated with the latest technology like latest version of iPhone, gadgets, laptops, accessories, brands and clothing. We know, what our relative's cousin is having for supper today and how's our ex-neighbor is feeling right now. Whenever we got free time from our house chores or office work, we start using social app in mobile or tab and spend several hours on it. Lets have a look on past. House women after finishing with lunch preparation and cleaning, got busy in some of their hobby that is not only hobby but financial support to their family. Meanwhile, they used to socialize with their fellow women as well. The quality time they spent in sewing, knitting, rilli and applique work, embroidery, flower making, pottery, dough work etc. enhances their creativity, polishes their skills, encourage positive thoughts and a mean of earning. On the other hand, if we consider the present situation, posting a status of "feeling bored- with 20 others" and commenting and chatting for the next 2 hours can't help us getting anything. Instead after logging off, we think of the branded dress our friend was wearing in the party or Diamond Necklace of Areezay that we can't afford. This will led to negativity, depression and inferiority complex. If not, atleast it is a wastage of time.

image

Today, we have everything available at door step. Today's women will not spend weeks to make a rilli work, she can simply get in one order of few minute. A doctorate or engineering professional might not like to be called a tailoress by her neighbor fellows. Today's women is not only a house wife but she has to make effort to make her career. It is not necessary that she has to left home at 8am and back at evening 6:00. This is the age of Freelancing. The rapidly growing trend of Freelancing and dozen of Freelancing sites make it very easy to work in flexible hours. Now you can spend half an hour to design a Logo for a client and earn $5, or write academic report for a lump sum of $100, or do some drafting work and earn $10/hr, or teach somone 3 hours a week online or edit some pictures, make presentations, charts, design or consult or whatever suits your skills. Either you are a teacher, doctor, engineer, business person, artists, writer there are number of opportunities out for you to work as freelancer and get good earning.

Now, first thing will come in mind is, are these sites reliable and we really get paid for work? I will say, Its far better managed than office system. An hour worked, an hour paid. You have to make research for the suitable freelancing sites match to your skills. Few top freelancing sites are: Freelancer, Upwork, People per Hour, Fiver, Guru, Freelance writing gigs, College recruiter etc. All you just need to make an appealing profile on it and find the suitable job matching your skills. You have to send proposal to get hired. Once you got a job and done it well it will help you get reputation and eventually more jobs. 

image

You can open a separate account for international transactions. There is some percentage of your earning is deducted by freelancing sites and also when you transfer amount in your local account, it will charge you few hundreds. (500/- or so) So make sure what you are proposing budget for your job. In start you might start with a small earning but as you will progress and get good job success scores, you will have good earnings. You can set your transactions for monthly, weekly or quarterly in order to reduce deduction in transactions. Its also depend on you that how much time a day or week you can spend working without any external pressure, also you can set your response time. All in all, It is very cozy to earn in the time you may spent changing channels on Television or revisiting again and again the home pages of social sites to check latest New Feeds. In fact if you are a professional, willing to run a personal business, become freelancer. Or if you are a student want to work to meet your college expenses, you may spent 2 hours a day or work on weekend and earn. 

I am personally working on Upwork and Guru sites. You may visit my profile and can contact me if you need any help. 

Its not too late to start something good.

image

Also Read: 

What are the Most Effective Treadmill Speed and Duration to Burn Calories?

A common delusion is that you can only run on the treadmill at a speed as fast as you can. Or you might have to put an hour or so jogging on the treadmill. Let’s take a look at the following analysis based on treadmill speed that can make you choose your treadmill speed and duration. You must be in proper running form & wearing foot wear suitable for running.

Speed 3 km/hr.

This speed is generally set at the start of treadmill routine in order to warm up the body. A low speed improves bone density and lowers risk of pains & cramps.  If you start at this speed, after 2 min & 3 seconds, distance traveled will be 0.1 km with 6 calories burnt. After 10 minutes, you won’t realize and you can burn 29.3 calories. You can continue it for 30 minutes plus. 

At 3 km/hr. for 10 minutes: 29.3 calories

Speed 4.5 km/hr.

This is low to medium tread speed, if you do not want to run or can’t run for any reason but do want to lose weight then this is the best speed that leads to weight loss and calories burn. At the start of treadmill, always warm up with 3 km/hr. for at least few minutes. Now hit 4.5 km/hr. After 1 min 23 seconds, distance traveled will be 0.1 km with 7 calories burnt. After 10 minutes, you are able to actually burn 52 calories plus those few calories that you burnt initially during warm up. You can continue it for 25 – 30 minutes. This speed will increase energy levels along with calories burn. End the routine with 3 km/hr. for few minutes to cool down. 

At 4.5 km/hr. for 10 minutes: 52 calories + initial warm up calories

Speed 6 km/hr.

Start at 3 km/hr. for at least few minutes as a warm up. Now hit 6 km/hr. which is a medium tread speed. After 1 min 5 seconds, distance traveled will be 0.1 km with 7 calories burnt. Imagine you can burn 69 calories just after 10 minutes of jog at this speed. You can continue it for 15 – 20 minutes. This speed takes you to weight loss zone as well. End the routine with 3 km/hr. for few minutes to cool down. 

At 6 km/hr. for 10 minutes: 69 calories + initial warm up calories 

Speed 9 km/hr.

Like always, first warm-up with a few minutes’ walk at 3 km/hr. For this medium to high speed you better warm up not less than 5 minutes. Then you can directly hit 9 km/hr. After 0 min 42 seconds, distance traveled will be 0.1 km with 7 calories burnt already. Before you know it, 5 minutes are over and you have already burnt 50 calories ensuring weight loss and stamina boost! Remember, for this speed, you might need to take 10 - 30 seconds break in the middle. End the routine with 3 km/hr. for few minutes to cool down. 

At 9 km/hr. for 5 minutes: 50 calories + initial warm up calories.

At 9 km/hr. for 10 minutes: 100 calories + initial warm up calories 

Speed 12 km/hr. (Burst training)

This speed will actually be sprinting for us couch peeps. Fast running ensures weight loss more even when you burn same calories via walking/jogging. Remember to make your body warm with a 5 minutes 3 km/hr walk. Hit 12 km/hr. and after 0 min 35 seconds, distance traveled will be 0.1 km with 7 calories burnt already. Usually a normal lazy person can’t keep up with this speed for more than 2 minutes or even 1 minute. But if you dare enough while taking care of your joints, you can burn 60 calories right after 5 minutes. Bingo! At this speed, be very careful & you might need to take 30 - 60 seconds breaks in the middle. You can tread at this speed for a maximum of 10 minutes. Isn’t it bad for a busy jam pack day when you don’t have time for a work out? End the routine with 3 km/hr. for few minutes to cool down.  Sprinting at high speed, allows you to burn fat even while resting!

At 12 km/hr. for 5 minutes: 60 calories + initial warm up calories

At 12 km/hr. for 10 minutes: 120 calories + initial warm up calories

Treadmill Speed Medley

Normally, you will find it too slow to stay at 3 km/hr. but you can’t stay committed to 12 km/hr either. In this situation what should you do?

For lazy ones:

Warm up by walking at 3 km/hr. for few minutes. Then tread at 4.5 km/hr. for the next 10 minutes. Cool down at 3 km/hr. for 5 minutes. Being lazy is one thing, but if you take out these 15 minutes each day, you are going to love yourself later on.

For hyper ones:

As always, warm up by walking at 3 km/hr. for about 5 minutes. Then, sprint for a minute or so at 12 km/hr. Come down to 6 km/hr. and you can stick to it for the next 5 - 10 minutes. Take rest at 3 km/hr for few minutes. Again sprint for a minute at 9 km/hr. Come down to 4.5 km/hr (this is the best speed as far as I have experienced) for next 10 minutes. Cool down at 3 km/hr for 5 minutes. This set will take more than 30 minutes. This will be tough enough to make your day & will add-up to your fitness endeavors.

You can try any or all of the above suggestions to find out the most effective treadmill speed and duration for yourself!

So, are you ready for a Treadmill Toil?

Written by,

Engr. Ayesha Alam Khurram

Note 1: All the calories burn depend upon your enthusiasm, your focus, your fitness goal, your metabolism, your weight, type of treadmill, inclination of treadmill, total treadmill time each day, frequency of treadmill workout per week etc. The writer or this website takes no responsibility if you are not able to achieve your fitness goals, if & when following the above treadmill routines.

Note 2: Before any exercise routine, consult your physician if required. The above routine is for the ones who are medically eligible for treadmill. Also the above routine is just a suggestion for a smarter you. This is not medical advice at all. You may or may not adopt it depending on your physical capabilities. The writer or this website takes no responsibility in case you harm yourself due to any of the above mentioned treadmill routine.   

See also:

8 Types of Cleaning You Never Thought

When we Google ‘cleaning’, we get images of general cleaning like mopping, kitchen & bathroom cleaning, carpet cleaning or window cleaning. But do you know that there is much more that needs cleaning besides these obvious chores?

Cleaning is that labor that we do most of our lives. We spend hours and hours in cleaning. You think that having a shower, wearing a clean dress, wearing perfume and doing your hair neatly is the state of being clean? The types of cleaning that need our attention are too many as compared to general house hold cleaning.  

1. Hidden junk

There are dresses, towels, bed sheets, shoes, jewelry, decoration, papers, crockery, utensils, stationery, toys, and so on hidden in the cupboards that need cleaning! Plus there might be lots of squirreled items under the bed … like one slipper, missing earring, chocolate wrappers, one new toy that you bought last year, may be a rotten orange that kids were playing catch catch with .… oooo…    

2. The toxins

We are living a busy lifestyle. Wake-up rush for work, come back home work work. The brain gets tired along. The brain needs to clean its toxins to avoid ‘toxic behavior’ next day. These toxins are produced due to fatigue & mood swings throughout the day each day.  

Our physical being needs to cleanse itself from daily generated toxins as well. Our body needs to clean or detox those internal & external toxins. When the body is at the state of exertion, it needs to reinforce itself using the detox organs and detox enzymes.  

3. The inner filth

We may shower, shampoo, anti-bacterize, deodorize, & scent adjust ourselves to look ‘clean & gorgeous’ but what about the ‘junk’ in our thought, minds, beliefs, and actions? The inner tidiness is much more difficult & tiring that needs continuous and dedicated attention. We need to find the right shower and perfume to clean the inner filth.

Clean

4. Is this minor cleaning?

If we take it lightly, it’s going to burst out with dirt!  

Hair brush, bags, purses, spectacles, door knob, slippers, keys, cupboard handle, water tap, shower tap holes, shower tap itself, kitchen sink drain cover, sink corners, washroom drain top, etc etc.

These small things that we use many times each day, need cleaning!

5. Ah the Technology

Technology has invaded our lives, minds, health, wealth, relations & routines. Those chargers, batteries, messy cables, switch board, remotes, cell phones, cell phone screen, dusty speakers, headphone, laptop screen & keypad, over loaded desktop, junk folder and what not …. Need cleaning fella!

6. Tricky cleaning

If you are student & you have come in the next grade what you need to clean? Books, folders, greeting cards and reading material of last year. There is lots of cleaning required in book shelf & bag. If you work in office then there are lots and lots of papers, boxes, packaging, and cartons lying around – need cleaning. If you are a homemaker then you need to clean last grade’s books & artwork of kids. Story books are most difficult to clean because some are torn but interesting others are in good condition but never read! What to do? 

Clean

7. The obvious cleaning

All the above types of cleaning are far more difficult than the regular house hold cleaning which itself is hack of a work that can grind the one who is doing it daily and can make her bone tired!

Rise early in the morning, clean yourself, clean kitchen after making breakfast, clean dining after having breakfast, kids’ fresh-up before school, clean the bed, set the sheets/blankets, clean toys & put at right place, cleaning squirreled items, dish washing, laundry, dusting, kids’ shower after school...

Cleaning before cooking, after cooking, stove, stove grate, burner, burner head, oven, oily kitchen cabinets inside to outside, cleaning the fridge, cleaning that splashed water during dish washing (hard very hard), water after the washed dishes have dripped (also hard), sink drain … grrrr…. coming up with the ideas of how the sink doesn’t over flow while washing dishes ….again cleaning….

Cleaning under dining table, under chairs, behind dressing table ….Washroom cleaning, washroom smell tackling, cleaning between tiles, cleaning washroom mirror, cleaning washroom walls….cleaning the cleaning tools i.e. broom, mopping towel, bucket, wiper, sponge, gloves, scrub, cloth, on & on….

Cleaning the spiders, spider webs, cockroaches, ants, lizards, kitchen insects, and mosquitoes, mysterious & miscellaneous insects. 

8. Cleaning responsibility

Where ever we go leaving a clean environment. Especially at public places do not litter around. Cleaning after Eid-ul-Adha! Ggrrrr… why people leave that out on the roads?  

With all this cleaning, I envision the realm of no cleaning!

Stuck with cleaning,

Engr. Ayesha Alam Khurram

Six Money Earning Techniques through Blogging

What you should do to earn from blog?

Set-up your own platform that rhythms with your basic engineering or technical skills and that fathoms your core field of engineering or core field of study. The field that you are graduating in is likely to be your passion if you think about it. Imagine more than 40 subjects you have been enrolled in and you couldn’t find one of your interest? Yes sure you can have multiple interests and you can multi-task but give at least one engineering subject or field subject your priority and be the entrepreneur of the same.

Do you brain-storm with subjects?

Someone might love painting but it doesn’t mean that one will abandon his/her core engineering capabilities. This can unfavorably result in losing all those neural connections that were developed in the brain while brain-storming with the engineering subjects. Either those neural connections will diminish or will replace with other sort of negative neural connections.   

Ever wondered about anyone who didn’t get chance to enroll as an engineering student can be a professional blogger or whatever but can never be a professional engineer. You can be both! Push your limits and don’t under-utilize your skills by opening a non-engineering startup just for the sake of opening a startup.

Live up to your engineering potential!

How can you earn from blogging?

1. Technical products / services

Any app or software or online art that you can do well, you can offer the services of the same. If you are good at any programming language or software or whatever related to your field, write about it into your blog and offer direct services linked to that. If you are passionate enough you can offer products based on your skill level. You can market search and offer a pre-prepared project that has high demand and less supply. Put some economics into it man, that’s why engineers study ‘engineering economics’. You can also offer coaching of your subject, skill, software etc.    

2. Technological writing

Write about your technical skills, technical findings, technical endeavors, and technical research. Not that you start writing research papers that are eligible to get published in international peer-reviewed journal into your blog, but still write something about your research or project. This will market your interest and skills. You are a skilled person in your domain and you can offer technological writing for projects or research. This will also polish your papers writing skills and will serve as a path to your papers publication. You can learn about the technology more as you opt to write about it.

3. EBooks

It is a smart way to earn. You better write blogs related to your EBook topics and promote those so people start knowing you. Returning viewers are more interested to buy your EBook. Two types of EBooks are more likely to get sold:   

(1) Those that have a ‘solution’ to a ‘problem’. People are intended to buy EBooks that address their questions. A focused search online can reveal the dimensions into which the write-up can go.

(2) Those that are thrilling or fun filled so that people can pass some quiet leisure time.    

4. Art & craft or design

If you are good at any art or have a hobby, why not earn from it? If you are into painting, share your paintings on blogs, you can offer paintings on various rates. You can also offer raw material for painting on reasonable prices. If you do crafts work or decorative works, you can blog about that and monetize your craft by selling. You can also offer customized art & craft, accessories, and decorative designs etc.

5. Cooking

Recipes are the things that never get old. No matter how many times you share a same basic recipe with same basic ingredients; with a little twist & whirl it’s sure to get popular. People want food, it keeps them going. Write about your recipes and cooking experiences. Offer recipes that ‘solve’ the ‘problems’ like weight gaining, weight loss, dairy free, gluten free, specific diet and organic items etc. You can also offer ingredients, cooking tools or utensils included in your recipes on reasonable prices. You can write E-Cookbook as well. Or cater from home can you?   

6. Set up a blog

If you are passionate about let’s say traveling or just random thoughts, set up a good blog. You can coach about how to set up a good blog, offer blogging services. Find some monetizing strategies that offer travel services or accessories.  

The bottom line is you have to focus, try, and work to earn. There are no money trees out there.  

Blog differently,

Engr. Ayesha Alam Khurram      

Tread on the Trodden Path

You want to walk? You want to jog? You want to run? But you don’t have outdoor opportunity? Or your exercise mood time doesn’t match the going out hours? Or you are too lazy to start any exercise? Treadmill is the all in one solution of these situations. Treadmill offers exercise routine that offers stronger bones & muscles while improving overall health.    

Treadmill offers efficient exercise

Having a treadmill routine is one of the easiest aerobic and cardiovascular exercises. It is a weigh bearing exercise that keeps bone strong, maintains bone density, boosts stamina, conditions the body and reduces sleeplessness. Walking or jogging on a treadmill can reduce hypertension, diabetes risks and cholesterol level.

Be safe as you tread

It’s crucial to have an understanding of your physical limits while using any fitness equipment like treadmill. Abort at once if you feel dizziness, pain anywhere or short of breath. Seek medical attention if necessary. Don’t jump on to the treadmill without proper planning. Wear proper exercising outfit & foot wear. Abiding by the rule ‘prevention is better than cure’, use the safety clip that is generally provided with the treadmill. In case of sudden fall, the clip detaches from the machine and the treadmill stops automatically.

Remember to stay hydrated!

What to do before treading?

If you take few measures before any sort of workout, your workout will be productive and effective. You will feel less tired and you will stay motivated, satisfied and contented.

Choose a time that is meant for exercise. Know that the most appropriate time for any exercise is early in the morning before breakfast. Chances of weight loss increase when the stomach is empty. Empty stomach doesn’t mean that you are starving. Have a light drink or chew few nuts or dry fruits to stay active and strong during treading. If you can’t tread before breakfast, then treading after two hours or hour and a half of mealtime is also a good option. The food can boost stamina and you can perform well during treading.   

Warming up first as you start treading is the most important step. You must warm up for at least 5 to 8 minutes on the treadmill at low speed or you can choose any warm up exercise before you sprint on to the treadmill.

A piece of advice while you tread

Don’t worry much about calories. Worry about concentrating while you tread. How can you concentrate positively? Watching the technology? Listening to anything that is mind rusting? No.

Listen to something that is naturally meant to soothe your mind. And if you know what I mean, listen to or recite yourself mind calming & soul comforting things. You must strive to tread on the trodden path that leads to peace of mind in order to stay focused instead of finding your way through dark track. When your mind is healthy, it will let you make decisions about your body’s well-being too.  

Remember you cannot achieve your body’s fitness goals unless you try to achieve your soul’s tranquility!    

Even 10 minutes of moderate jogging if done on daily basis can cause positive effect on your health.

See 10 minutes exercise

Its good to have a proper diet plan as you take out time for your workout daily.

See Which diet can keep you healthy, smart, & trimmed?

Happiness is in treading mindfully!

Remember

Before any exercising routine or high-impact exercise or before using any fitness equipment or treadmill, you must know your body’s capability of coping with the same. If you are not sure about your body’s condition, consult your health care provider. 

Trying to tread on the trodden path,

Engr. Ayesha Alam Khurram

LiDAR – The Technological Glaze

LiDAR is a remote sensing technology which is used to measure elevation of objects from a specified level. This technology uses laser to detect the objects. LiDAR can be used from ground, air or space. When collecting LiDAR data from an aircraft, the system mounted in the aircraft scans the ground or any required surface. A GPS (Global Positioning System) is also integrated with LiDAR that keeps track of aircraft’s location and attaches the locational parameter with the collected data. Since the elevation and position of the aircraft changes during the flight, the system calculates precise location of aircraft and with respect to it, locates the rest of the data. This information is continuously recorded in the computer automatically.

Airborne LiDAR

What are pulse and return?

When the light is emitted towards the ground from an airborne LiDAR system, one single dispatch of light is called a pulse. When the light hits the respective object, it reflects back towards the LiDAR system, that reflected light when it reaches and detected by the system is called a return.

What is LiDAR output?

High-resolution maps are the output of LiDAR procedure. LiDAR technology provides fine-scale and spatially defined three-dimensional landscape information and map structural components like elevation, dimension and density of the structures. At the start, LiDAR data is stored as a series of points. LiDAR data can also be stored in the form of contours lines. The most fascinating form of output of LiDAR is DEM or digital elevation model. DEM is made when the scanned surface is represented with continuous elevation values in 3D format along with the values’ co-ordinates.      

DEM

How the height of the object is calculated?

When the light is emitted from the LiDAR system, the time is recorded. The time is again recorded when the light reaches back after hitting the object below. Using the speed of light and the time difference between pulse & return, the distance between the LiDAR system and the top of that object is calculated. Then the distance between the aircraft and the ground surface is determined. The ground elevation is also calculated using GPS.

Is LiDAR data accurate?

The turbulence of the aircraft during flight and its tilt are incorporated into the system so that accurate data can be recorded. The angular measurements of pulse & return are taken into account as well when calculating the elevation that gives precise elevations of the objects and ground surface.

Where are applications of LiDAR?

LiDAR is used to monitor, record, store, quantify, classify, predict, and manage data in the fields of surveying, construction site selection & evaluation, large scale land use planning, terrestrial elevation modeling, flood modeling, hydrographic models, power lines management, piping networks, forestry, archeology, agriculture, urban modeling, transport planning, environmental monitoring & modeling, climate change, atmospheric physics, geosciences, geography, geology, tectonic activity mapping, and glacial data recording etc.

What are the benefits of using LiDAR technology?

LiDAR increases humans’ capability to gather data, represent data, and to respond to that data.

Greater efficiency, faster results.

Automatic 3D modeling.  

Automatic locational tag.

Large scale topographic maps are achievable.

Making night time data collection possible.

Urban and even rural areas are quicker to survey.

Cost effective.

References:

Into the Third Dimension: Benefits of Incorporating LiDAR Data in Wildlife Habitat Models. (WWW)

LiDAR applications in surveying and engineering. (WWW)

A meta-analysis of terrestrial aboveground biomass estimation using lidar remote sensing. (WWW)

A review of the role of active remote sensing and data fusion for characterizing forest in wildlife habitat models. (WWW)

What is LIDAR? (WWW)

Lidar remote sensing of laser-induced incandescence on light absorbing particles in the atmosphere. (WWW)

Assessing the transferability of statistical predictive models for leaf area index between two airborne discrete return LiDAR sensor designs within multiple intensely managed Loblolly pine forest locations in the south-eastern USA. (WWW)

By LiDAR geek:

Ayesha Alam Khurram

Harvard Style Writing Guideline

General

1. Initials should be used without spaces or full points.

2. Up to six authors may be listed. If more then list the first three authors and
represent the rest by „et al.‟ rather than write them out in full.

Text citations

All references in the text and notes must be specified by the authors‟ last names and
date of publication together with page numbers if given.

Do not use ibid., op. cit., infra., supra. Instead, show the subsequent citation of the
same source in the same way as the first.

Note the following for the style of text citations:

1. If the author‟s name is in the text, follow with year in parentheses:
... Jones (2003) has argued ...

2. If author‟s name is not in the text, insert last name, comma and year:
... a recent study (Smith, 2009) has described ...

3. Where appropriate, the page number(s) follow the year, separated by a colon:
... it has been noted (Jones, 2003: 36–42) that ...

4. Where there are two authors, give both names, joined by „and‟; if three or more
authors, use et al.:

... it has been stated (Jones and Smith, 2004) ...

... some investigators (Brown et al., 2005) ...

5. If there is more than one reference to the same author and year, insert a, b, etc. in
both the text and the list:

... it was described (Jones, 2007b: 103–22) ...

… a series of studies (Smith et al., 2008a, 2008b) produced …

6.Enclose within a single pair of parentheses a series of references, separated by
semicolons:

... and it has been noted (Jones and Brown, 1998; Price et al., 1999; Smith, 2003) ...

Please order alphabetically by author surnames.

7. If two or more references by the same author are cited together, separate the dates
with a comma:

... the author has stated this in several studies (Smith, 2005, 2009) ...

Please start with the oldest publication.

8. Enclose within the parentheses any brief phrase associated with the reference:

... several investigators have claimed this (but see Thompson, 2001: 21–34)

9. For an institutional authorship:

... a recent statement (Department of Education, 2008: 7) ...

... occupational data (ABS, 2004: 16–18) reveal ...

10. For authorless articles or studies, use the name of the magazine, journal,
newspaper or sponsoring organization, and not the title of the article:

... it was reported (The New York Times, 1998) that ...

11. Citations from personal communications are not included in the reference list:
... has been hypothesized (David Smith, 2008, personal communication).

Reference styles

Book:

Author A and Author B (year) Book Title. Place: Publisher name.

Crouch C, Le Gales P and Trigilia C (2001) Local Production Systems in Europe:

Rise or Demise? Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Denzin NK (1989) The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological
Methods, 3rd edn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Hollingsworth JR and Boyer R (eds) (1997) Contemporary Capitalism: The
Embeddedness of Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chapter in a book:

Author A (year) Chapter title: Subtitle. In: Editor A (ed.) Book Title. Place: Publisher,
00–00.

Author A, Author B and Author C (year) Chapter title: Subtitle. In: Editor A and
Editor B (eds) Book Title. Place: Publisher, 00–00.

Author A and Author B (year) Chapter title: Subtitle. In: Editor A, Editor B and
Editor C (eds) Book Title. Place: Publisher, 00–00.

Gumley V (1988) Skin cancers. In: Tschudin V and Brown EB (eds) Nursing the
Patient with Cancer. London: Hall House, 26–52.

Binns T, Bek D and Ellison B (2007) Sidestepping the mainstream: Fairtrade rooibos
tea production in Wupperthal, South Africa. In: Maye D, Holloway L and Kneafsey
M (eds) Alternative Food Geographies: Representation and Practice. Oxford:
Elsevier, 331–349.

Article in a journal:

Author A and Author B (year) Article title: Subtitle. Journal vol(issue): 00–00.

Author A, Author B and Author C (year) Article title: Subtitle. Journal vol(issue):
00–00.

Author A, Author B, Author C et al. (year) Article title: Subtitle. Journal vol(issue):
00–00.

Winter M (2003) Embeddedness: The new food economy and defensive localism.
Journal of Rural Studies 19(1): 23–32.

Hoskins C and Mirus R (1988) Reasons of the US dominance of the international
trade in television programmes. Media, Culture and Society 10(4): 499–515.

Brossard D, Shanahan J and McComas K (2004) Are issue-cycles culturally
constructed? A comparison of French and American coverage of global climate
change. Mass Communication and Society 7(3): 359–377.

Article in a journal published ahead of print:

Author A and Author B (year) Article title. Journal 00: 1–00 (accessed 00 month
year).

Author A, Author B and Author C (year) Article title. Journal 00: 1–00 (accessed 00
month year).

Author A, Author B, Author C et al. (year) Article title. Journal 00: 1–00 (accessed
00 month year).

Bakker AB, Emmerik HV and Riet PV (2008) How job demands, resources and
burnout predict objective performance. Anxiety, Stress and Coping 00: 1–10 (accessed
6 January 2010).

Note: volume is given as “00”.

Website

National Center for Professional Certification. (2002) Factors Affecting
Organizational Climate and Retention. Available at:
www.cwla.org./programmes/triechmann/2002fbwfiles.

Unpublished thesis

Kramer B (2008) Employee ownership and participation effects on firm outcomes.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, City University of New York.

Newspaper

Clark JM (2006) Too close to call. The Independent, 21 May, p. 10.

Working paper

Freeman RB, Kleiner MM and Ostroff C (2000) The anatomy of employee
involvement and its effects on firms and workers. National Bureau of Economic
Research Working Paper 8050, Cambridge