Paper review
As the world is developing day by day, along with it, it also
gives birth to many of the environmental problems like contamination of the
groundwater which is mostly because of increase in industrialization,
urbanization, and the leachate from the waste. The research was undertaken to
know the possibility of groundwater being contaminated in the areas of the solid
waste disposal site, Njelianparamba, a
municipal dumping site in Kozhikode, Kerala, India. Using ESRI GIS Software the
map of the area was created showing the possibilities of the contamination. The
area was divided into three classes moderate vulnerable, high vulnerable, and
very high vulnerable. It was concluded that eastern and south-eastern areas to
be affected more.
Njelianparamba the dumping site is
located in the area of Cheruvannur Nallalam of the district Kozhikode, Kerala,
India. Daily 200 tons of the waste is dumped on the site. Monsoons are
responsible for 82.77% of the total rainfall in the area. Groundwater level
before monsoons rains are observed 2-16 meters and after rainfall is 0.38-9
meters because of such low level of the water table the leachate gets mixed
with the groundwater.
DRASTIC Model was developed considering the seven
factors Depth of the water, net Recharge, Aquifer media, Soil
media, Topography, Impact of vadose zone media, and hydraulic Conductivity
of the aquifer. For the calculation of the DRASTIC Index (DI), each factor is
assigned ratings and weights, rates and weights of the same factor are
multiplied and then linear addition is performed. The data obtained using
DRASTIC Model is combined in GIS to develop the map of the area showing
possibilities to contamination of each region.
For sampling and analysis of groundwater
29 sampling sites were chosen randomly. 20 groundwater samples were taken within
a buffer zone of 1 km around the dumping site, and 9 samples were taken outside
the zone to check the accuracy of the map. Samples were analyzed for total
dissolved solid and E-coli. For sampling and analysis of the soil 57 soil
samples were taken. 49 from the buffer zone, and 8 outside the zone. Soil
samples were analyzed to check soil media map.
After we had both the studies
Vulnerability Map, and Sampling and Analysis reports. The both are then
compared and the outcomes are: the leachate percolation is maximum at 1 km
distance from the dumping site. High total dissolved solids concentrations were
seen in the buffer zone, and outside of it, there were low except eastern and
south-eastern sides which also are very high vulnerable in the map. The E-Coli bacteria were found to
be present in most of the samples in the vicinity to the dumping site
particularly within the buffer zone of 1 km. Samples outside the zone were seen
to have no E-Coli except eastern and south-eastern side samples which also are
very high vulnerable according to the map.
It can be concluded that the eastern and south-eastern sides
of the Njelianparamba are most vulnerable to the contamination from the results
of both Vulnerability map and Reports obtained from Sampling and analysis.
Reference
Application of GIS and DRASTIC Modeling for Evaluation of Groundwater Vulnerability near a Solid Waste Disposal Site. Chonattu Jaseela, Kavya Prabhakar, Puthenveedu Sadasivan Pillai Harikumar. International Journal of Geosciences, 2016, 7, 558-571
Paper review by,
Sohail Ahmed
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